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Pet Sets

Terminology

Throughout this doc you will see a few terms that are sometimes used interchangeably elsewhere, that might cause confusion. This section attempts to clarify them.

Prerequisites

This doc assumes familiarity with the following Kubernetes concepts:

You need a working Kubernetes cluster at version >= 1.3, with a healthy DNS cluster addon at version >= 15. You cannot use Pet Set on a hosted Kubernetes provider that has disabled alpha resources.

What is a Pet Set?

In Kubernetes, most pod management abstractions group them into disposable units of work that compose a micro service. Replication controllers for example, are designed with a weak guarantee - that there should be N replicas of a particular pod template. The pods are treated as stateless units, if one of them is unhealthy or superseded by a newer version, the system just disposes it.

    foo.default.svc.cluster.local
             |service|
             /       \
    | pod-asdf |    | pod-zxcv |

A Pet Set, in contrast, is a group of stateful pods that require a stronger notion of identity. The document refers to these as “clustered applications”.

   *.foo.default.svc.cluster.local
    | mysql-0 | <-> | mysql-1 |
      [pv 0]          [pv 1]

The co-ordinated deployment of clustered applications is notoriously hard. They require stronger notions of identity and membership, which they use in opaque internal protocols, and are especially prone to race conditions and deadlock. Traditionally administrators have deployed these applications by leveraging nodes as stable, long-lived entities with persistent storage and static ips.

The goal of Pet Set is to decouple this dependency by assigning identities to individual instances of an application that are not anchored to the underlying physical infrastructure. For the rest of this document we will refer to these entities as “Pets”. Our use of this term is predated by the “Pets vs Cattle” analogy.

Relationship between Pets and Pods: PetSet requires there be {0..N-1} Pets. Each Pet has a deterministic name - PetSetName-Ordinal, and a unique identity. Each Pet has at most one pod, and each Pet Set has at most one Pet with a given identity.

When to use Pet Set?

A Pet Set ensures that a specified number of “pets” with unique identities are running at any given time. The identity of a Pet is comprised of:

These properties are useful in deploying stateful applications. However most stateful applications are also clustered, meaning they form groups with strict membership requirements that rely on stored state. Pet Set also helps with the 2 most common problems encountered managing such clustered applications:

Only use Pet Set if your application requires some or all of these properties. Managing pods as stateless replicas is vastly easier.

Example workloads for Pet Set:

Alpha limitations

Before you start deploying applications as Pet Sets, there are a few limitations you should understand.

Example Pet Set

We’ll create a basic Pet Set to demonstrate how Pets are assigned unique and “sticky” identities.

petset.yaml
 
# A headless service to create DNS records
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  # *.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1alpha1
kind: PetSet
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  serviceName: "nginx"
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
      annotations:
        pod.alpha.kubernetes.io/initialized: "true"
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 0
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: www
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: www
      annotations:
        volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi

Saving this config into petset.yaml and submitting it to a Kubernetes cluster should create the defined Pet Set and Pets it manages:

$ kubectl create -f petset.yaml
service "nginx" created
petset "nginx" created

Pet Identity

The identity of a Pet sticks to it, regardless of which node it’s (re) scheduled on. We can examine the identity of the pets we just created.

Ordinal index

you should see 2 pods with predictable names formatted thus: $(petset name)-$(ordinal index assigned by petset controller)

$ kubectl get po
NAME      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
web-0     1/1       Running   0          10m
web-1     1/1       Running   0          10m

Stable storage

2 persistent volumes, one per pod. This is auto created by the Pet Set based on the volumeTemplate field

$ kubectl get pv
NAME                                       CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   STATUS    CLAIM               REASON    AGE
pvc-90234946-3717-11e6-a46e-42010af00002   1Gi        RWO           Bound     default/www-web-0             11m
pvc-902733c2-3717-11e6-a46e-42010af00002   1Gi        RWO           Bound     default/www-web-1             11m

Network identity

The network identity has 2 parts. First, we created a headless Service that controls the domain within which we create Pets. The domain managed by this Service takes the form: $(service name).$(namespace).svc.cluster.local, where “cluster.local” is the cluster domain. As each pet is created, it gets a matching DNS subdomain, taking the form: $(petname).$(governing service domain), where the governing service is defined by the serviceName field on the Pet Set.

Here are some examples of choices for Cluster Domain, Service name, Pet Set name, and how that affects the DNS names for the Pets and the hostnames in the Pet’s pods:

Cluster Domain Service (ns/name) Pet Set (ns/name) Pet Set Domain Pet DNS Pet Hostname
cluster.local default/nginx default/web nginx.default.svc.cluster.local web-{0..N-1}.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local web-{0..N-1}
cluster.local foo/nginx foo/web nginx.foo.svc.cluster.local web-{0..N-1}.nginx.foo.svc.cluster.local web-{0..N-1}
kube.local foo/nginx foo/web nginx.foo.svc.kube.local web-{0..N-1}.nginx.foo.svc.kube.local web-{0..N-1}

Note that Cluster Domain will be set to cluster.local unless otherwise configured.

Lets verify our assertion with a simple test.

$ kubectl get svc
NAME          CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP       PORT(S)   AGE
nginx         None           <none>            80/TCP    12m
...

First, the PetSet gives provides a stable hostname:

$ for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec web-$i -- sh -c 'hostname'; done
web-0
web-1

And the hostname is linked to the in-cluster DNS address:

$ kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox dns-test --restart=Never /bin/sh
dns-test # nslookup web-0.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.180.3.5

dns-test # nslookup web-1.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.180.0.9

The containers are running nginx webservers, which by default will look for an index.html file in /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html. That directory is backed by a PersistentVolume created by the Pet Set. So lets write our hostname there:

$ for i in 0 1; do
  kubectl exec web-$i -- sh -c 'echo $(hostname) > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html';
done

And verify each webserver serves its own hostname:

$ for i in 0 1; do kubectl exec -it web-$i -- curl localhost; done
web-0
web-1

Now delete all pods in the petset:

$ kubectl delete po -l app=nginx
pod "web-0" deleted
pod "web-1" deleted

Wait for them to come back up, and try to retrieve the previously written hostname through the DNS name of the peer. They match, because the storage, DNS name, and hostname stick to the Pet no matter where it gets scheduled:

$ kubectl exec -it web-1 -- curl web-0.nginx
web-0
$ kubectl exec -it web-0 -- curl web-1.nginx
web-1

Peer discovery

A pet can piece together its own identity:

  1. Use the downward api to find its pod name
  2. Run hostname to find its DNS name
  3. Run mount or df to find its volumes (usually this is unnecessary)

It’s not necessary to “discover” the governing Service of a Pet Set, since it’s known at creation time you can simply pass it down through an environment variable.

Usually pets also need to find their peers. In the previous nginx example, we just used kubectl to get the names of existing pods, and as humans, we could tell which ones belonged to a given Pet Set. Another way to find peers is by contacting the API server, just like kubectl, but that has several disadvantages (you end up implementing a Kubernetes specific init system that runs as pid 1 in your application container).

Pet Set gives you a way to disover your peers using DNS records. To illustrate this we can use the previous example (note: one usually doesn’t apt-get in a container).

$ kubectl exec -it web-0 /bin/sh
web-0 # apt-get update && apt-get install -y dnsutils
...

web-0 # nslookup -type=srv nginx.default
Server:		10.0.0.10
Address:	10.0.0.10#53

nginx.default.svc.cluster.local	service = 10 50 0 web-1.ub.default.svc.cluster.local.
nginx.default.svc.cluster.local	service = 10 50 0 web-0.ub.default.svc.cluster.local.

Updating a Pet Set

You cannot update any field of the PetSet except spec.replicas. You can update the replicas field using standard kubectl update commands like patch and edit. Pet Set currently does not support image upgrade as noted in the section on limitations.

Scaling a Pet Set

You can scale a Pet Set by updating the “replicas” field. Note however that the controller will only:

  1. Create one pet at a time, in order from {0..N-1}, and wait till each one is in Running and Ready before creating the next
  2. Delete one pet at a time, in reverse order from {N-1..0}, and wait till each one is completely shutdown (past its terminationGracePeriodSeconds) before deleting the next

Deleting a Pet Set

Cleaning up a Pet Set is somewhat manual, as noted in the limitations section. You can delete a Pet Set using Kubectl, but this will not scale it down to 0:

$ kubectl delete -f petset.yaml
petset "web" deleted

$ kubectl get po -l app=nginx
NAME      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
web-0     1/1       Running   0          21h
web-1     1/1       Running   0          21h

$ kubectl delete po -l app=nginx
pod "web-0" deleted
pod "web-1" deleted

Deleting the pods will not delete the volumes. Until we finalize the recycle policy for these volumes they will have to get cleaned up by an admin. This is to ensure that you have the chance to copy data off the volume before deleting it. Simply deleting the PVC after the pods have left the terminating state should trigger deletion of the backing Persistent Volumes.

Note: you will lose all your data once the PVC is deleted, do this with caution.

$ kubectl get po -l app=nginx
$ kubectl get pvc -l app=nginx
NAME        STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   AGE
www-web-0   Bound     pvc-62d271cd-3822-11e6-b1b7-42010af00002   0                        21h
www-web-1   Bound     pvc-62d6750e-3822-11e6-b1b7-42010af00002   0                        21h

$ kubectl delete pvc -l app=nginx
$ kubectl get pv

If you simply want to clean everything:

$ grace=$(kubectl get po web-0 --template '{{.spec.terminationGracePeriodSeconds}}')
$ kubectl delete petset,po -l app=nginx
$ sleep $grace
$ kubectl delete pvc -l app=nginx

Troubleshooting

You might have noticed an annotations field in all the Pet Sets shown above.

annotations:
  pod.alpha.kubernetes.io/initialized: "true"

This field is a debugging hook. It pauses any scale up/down operations on the entire Pet Set. If you’d like to pause a petset after each pet, set it to false in the template, wait for each pet to come up, verify it has initialized correctly, and then set it to true using kubectl edit on the pet (setting it to false on any pet is enough to pause the Pet Set). If you don’t need it, create the Pet Set with it set to true as shown. This is surprisingly useful in debugging bootstrapping race conditions.

Future Work

There are a LOT of planned improvements since Pet Set is still in alpha.

This list goes on, if you have examples, ideas or thoughts, please contribute.

Alternatives

Deploying one RC of size 1/Service per pod is a popular alternative, as is simply deploying a DaemonSet that utilizes the identity of a Node.

Next steps

The deployment and maintenance of stateful applications is a vast topic. The next step is to explore cluster bootstrapping and initialization, here.

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