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Daemon Sets

• What is a Daemon Set?
• Writing a DaemonSet Spec
  • Required Fields
  • Pod Template
  • Pod Selector
  • Running Pods on Only Some Nodes
• How Daemon Pods are Scheduled
• Communicating with DaemonSet Pods
• Updating a DaemonSet
• Alternatives to Daemon Set
  • Init Scripts
  • Bare Pods
  • Static Pods
  • Replication Controller

What is a Daemon Set?

A Daemon Set ensures that all (or some) nodes run a copy of a pod. As nodes are added to the cluster, pods are added to them. As nodes are removed from the cluster, those pods are garbage collected. Deleting a Daemon Set will clean up the pods it created.

Some typical uses of a Daemon Set are:

• running a cluster storage daemon, such as glusterd, ceph, on each node.
• running a logs collection daemon on every node, such as fluentd or logstash.
• running a node monitoring daemon on every node, such as Prometheus Node Exporter, collectd, New Relic agent, or Ganglia gmond.

In a simple case, one Daemon Set, covering all nodes, would be used for each type of daemon. A more complex setup might use multiple DaemonSets would be used for a single type of daemon, but with different flags and/or different memory and cpu requests for different hardware types.

Writing a DaemonSet Spec

Required Fields

As with all other Kubernetes config, a DaemonSet needs apiVersion, kind, and metadata fields. For general information about working with config files, see deploying applications, configuring containers, and working with resources documents.

A DaemonSet also needs a .spec section.

Pod Template

The .spec.template is the only required field of the .spec.

The .spec.template is a pod template. It has exactly the same schema as a pod, except it is nested and does not have an apiVersion or kind.

In addition to required fields for a pod, a pod template in a DaemonSet has to specify appropriate labels (see pod selector).

A pod template in a DaemonSet must have a RestartPolicy equal to Always, or be unspecified, which defaults to Always.

Pod Selector

The .spec.selector field is a pod selector. It works the same as the .spec.selector of a Job or other new resources.

The spec.selector is an object consisting of two fields:

• matchLabels - works the same as the .spec.selector of a ReplicationController
• matchExpressions - allows to build more sophisticated selectors by specifying key, list of values and an operator that relates the key and values.

When the two are specified the result is ANDed.

If the .spec.selector is specified, it must match the .spec.template.metadata.labels. If not specified, they are defaulted to be equal. Config with these not matching will be rejected by the API.

Also you should not normally create any pods whose labels match this selector, either directly, via another DaemonSet, or via other controller such as ReplicationController. Otherwise, the DaemonSet controller will think that those pods were created by it. Kubernetes will not stop you from doing this. One case where you might want to do this is manually create a pod with a different value on a node for testing.

Running Pods on Only Some Nodes

If you specify a .spec.template.spec.nodeSelector, then the DaemonSet controller will create pods on nodes which match that node selector.
If you specify a scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/affinity annotation in .spec.template.metadata.annotations, then DaemonSet controller will create pods on nodes which match that node affinity.

If you do not specify a .spec.template.spec.nodeSelector nor node affinity, then the DaemonSet controller will create pods on all nodes.

How Daemon Pods are Scheduled

Normally, the machine that a pod runs on is selected by the Kubernetes scheduler. However, pods created by the Daemon controller have the machine already selected (.spec.nodeName is specified when the pod is created, so it is ignored by the scheduler). Therefore:

• the unschedulable field of a node is not respected by the daemon set controller.
• daemon set controller can make pods even when the scheduler has not been started, which can help cluster bootstrap.

Communicating with DaemonSet Pods

Some possible patterns for communicating with pods in a DaemonSet are:

• Push: Pods in the Daemon Set are configured to send updates to another service, such as a stats database. They do not have clients.
• NodeIP and Known Port: Pods in the Daemon Set use a hostPort, so that the pods are reachable via the node IPs. Clients knows the the list of nodes ips somehow, and know the port by convention.
• DNS: Create a headless service with the same pod selector, and then discover DaemonSets using the endpoints resource or retrieve multiple A records from DNS.
• Service: Create a service with the same pod selector, and use the service to reach a daemon on a random node. (No way to reach specific node.)

Updating a DaemonSet

If node labels are changed, the DaemonSet will promptly add pods to newly matching nodes and delete pods from newly not-matching nodes.

You can modify the pods that a DaemonSet creates. However, pods do not allow all fields to be updated. Also, the DaemonSet controller will use the original template the next time a node (even with the same name) is created.

You can delete a DaemonSet. If you specify --cascade=false with kubectl, then the pods will be left on the nodes. You can then create a new DaemonSet with a different template. the new DaemonSet with the different template will recognize all the existing pods as having matching labels. It will not modify or delete them despite a mismatch in the pod template. You will need to force new pod creation by deleting the pod or deleting the node.

You cannot update a DaemonSet.

Support for updating DaemonSets and controlled updating of nodes is planned.

Alternatives to Daemon Set

Init Scripts

It is certainly possible to run daemon processes by directly starting them on a node (e.g using init, upstartd, or systemd). This is perfectly fine. However, there are several advantages to running such processes via a DaemonSet:

• Ability to monitor and manage logs for daemons in the same way as applications.
• Same config language and tools (e.g. pod templates, kubectl) for daemons and applications.
• Future versions of Kubernetes will likely support integration between DaemonSet-created pods and node upgrade workflows.
• Running daemons in containers with resource limits increases isolation between daemons from app containers. However, this can also be accomplished by running the daemons in a container but not in a pod (e.g. start directly via Docker).

Bare Pods

It is possible to create pods directly which specify a particular node to run on. However, a Daemon Set replaces pods that are deleted or terminated for any reason, such as in the case of node failure or disruptive node maintenance, such as a kernel upgrade. For this reason, you should use a Daemon Set rather than creating individual pods.

Static Pods

It is possible to create pods by writing a file to a certain directory watched by Kubelet. These are called static pods. Unlike DaemonSet, static pods cannot be managed with kubectl or other Kubernetes API clients. Static pods do not depend on the apiserver, making them useful in cluster bootstrapping cases. Also, static pods may be deprecated in the future.

Replication Controller

Daemon Set are similar to Replication Controllers in that they both create pods, and those pods have processes which are not expected to terminate (e.g. web servers, storage servers).

Use a replication controller for stateless services, like frontends, where scaling up and down the number of replicas and rolling out updates are more important than controlling exactly which host the pod runs on. Use a Daemon Controller when it is important that a copy of a pod always run on all or certain hosts, and when it needs to start before other pods.